How to Promote Student Growth

There is a growing need to measure students growth and success in the classroom, especially with all the talk in the media about teacher evaluations. Its standard to measure student growth at the beginning and the end of the school year with standardized testing. But, can these test scores give teachers and parents a good understanding of the students growth? What are some other ways educators can measure students learning throughout the year? Here we will examine a few ways that teachers can promote student understanding and performance. Ways to Promote Student Development According to Wong and Wong, there are some ways professional educators can promote student growth in their classroom: Set high expectations for student achievementMake sure that students perform at or above expectationsSolve problems so students will receive servicesUse up to date research and technologyPlan instructional strategiesApply higher-order learning skillsApply information-processing strategiesApply complex learning tasksUse cooperative learning in the classroomUse invitational learning in the classroomArticulate information clearlyApply classroom management These suggestions that the Wongs gave will indeed help students to achieve and demonstrate their abilities. Promoting this kind of learning can help students prepare for the standardized testing that measures their growth throughout the year. By using the suggestions from the Wongs, teachers will be preparing their students to be successful on these tests while promoting and developing important skills. A Variety of Ways to Measure Student Performance Measuring student growth solely on standardized tests have always been the easiest way for teachers to determine that the students are grasping the information taught. According to an article in the Washington Post, the problem with standardized tests is that they mainly focus on math and reading and do not take into account other subjects and skills students should be developing. These tests can be one part of measuring academic achievement, not the whole part. Students can be evaluated on multiple measures such as: Growth throughout several yearsPortfolio of students work in all subjectsExamsCritical thinking skillsProblem-solving skillsGroup ProjectsWritten and oral presentationsClass projects and experiments Including these measures along with standardized testing would not only encourage teachers to teach a wide range of subjects well but would also accomplish Presidents Obamas goal to make all children college ready. Even the poorest of students would have the opportunity to demonstrate these critical skills. Achieving Student Success To achieve students academic success, it is paramount that teachers and parents work together to help develop and build skills throughout the school year. A combination of motivation, organization, time management, and concentration will help students stay on track and be able to achieve successful test scores. Use the following tips to help students achieve success: Motivation To help motivate students to find out what they are passionate about and use their interests to connect with their school work. Organization For many students, something as simple as staying organized is the key to academic success. To help students stay organized, organize and label all materials and notebooks and keep a checklist of essential tasks. Time Management Learning to prioritize and manage time can be difficult for students. To help them manage their time keep track of assignments and tasks by creating a school calendar. Concentration Students get distracted very easily, to keep their minds on the task at hand enlist parents to designate a quiet zone for homework where there are NO interruptions. Sources: Wong K.H. Wong R.T (2004).How To Be An Effective Teacher The First Days Of School. Mountain View, CA: Harry K. Wong Publications, Inc. TheWashingtonpost.com

Juvenile Delinquency Is Committed By A Minor Under The Age...

Juvenile delinquency refers to a status offense that is committed by a minor under the age of 18. Status offenses include crimes against property, for example, vandalism or stealing, physical violence against others for example, aggravated assault, murder, other crimes such as drug abuse violations, curfew and loitering, and driving under the influence; and sexual crimes for example sexual assault or rape (Enginurt, Ozer, Demir, Yildirim, Cankaya, 2014; Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, n.d.). Statistics of crimes committed by juveniles include the following: 225 arrests for violent Crime Index offenses for every 100,000 youth between the ages of 10 and 17 years-old, juveniles were known to be involved in 8% of all homicides, and violent crimes committed by juveniles peaked during the after school hours (National Institute of Justice, n.d.). Juvenile Courts deal with minors who have been accused of committing a delinquent act and are considered juvenile delinquency cases. When a case is heard is juvenile court the prosecutor typically looks at the following things according to lawyer Kathleen Michon (2015): the severity of the offense, the juvenile s age, the juvenile s past record, the strength of the evidence in the case, the juvenile s gender (boys are more likely to be charged than girls), the juvenile s social history, and the ability of the minor s parents to control his or her behavior (p.1). Two options are seen in juvenile court, they areShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency Is An Integral Part Of Criminology1559 Words   |  7 Pagescurb delinquency in juveniles. Children are expected to be obedient, respectful and imbibe virtues and good quality in them. Due to various reasons children do not follow settled social and legal dictum. Juvenile delinquency, as a legal concept is of recent origin. Juvenile delinqu ency is an integral part of criminology. The two cannot be separated since one of the reasons for crime and its continuance into adult life is the ineffective control and treatment of juveniles. Juvenile delinquency is aRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Its Effect On Schools Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Juvenile delinquency appears to be increasing daily and this increase has impacted schools, communities and the government. Several years ago, gang violence was the driving force in delinquency and specifically targeted certain groups. More heinous crimes are being committed by youth under the age of 18. The problem continues about where to place the youth based on the crime and also considering their age. The mirroring of delinquency has been perceived by others who are challengedRead MoreFactors That Cause The Increase Rate Of Juvenile Delinquency Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease rate of Juvenile delinquencies. A survey research design will be used. Simple random sampling technique will be used while questionnaire and interview schedule will be necessary data collection instruments. This project will use the findings to know how to reduce the increasing rates of juvenile delinquency and also how to improve the current juvenile institutions available in order to be more productive. Juvenile Delinquency Introduction Juvenile delinquency is a situationRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Prevention Act Of 19741576 Words   |  7 Pagesexploring the internet on juvenile delinquents. We as a class have had many good questions to answer about the different ways juveniles are treated, and what the correct or incorrect treatment is for juveniles. We have written many papers and had many discussion on historical milestones, landmark cases, adult courts, juvenile courts, probation and parole, detention centers and juvenile training programs. This semester has really changed the way that I look at juvenile delinquents. Three historicalRead MoreThe Causes Of Juvenile Delinquency1172 Words   |  5 Pages Juvenile delinquents are children/adolescents that are between the ages of 10 and 18 and have committed any illegal act that violates the law. These acts arent usually referred to as â€Å"crimes† as they would be for adults. These â€Å"crimes† are committed by minors and are called â€Å"delinquent acts.† These delinquent acts are believed to be caused by a number of factors that include the minors brain development, environment and social interactions. Peer groups are a very strong influence that can causeRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And The Law Of The United States Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesDefinitions of juvenile delinquency vary everywhere you go in the world. The laws change from country to country and even from state to state. The United States Justice Department defines a juvenile as â€Å"a person who has not attained his eighteenth birthday†, and juv enile delinquency â€Å"as the violation of a law of the United States committed by a person prior to his eighteenth birthday, which would have been a crime if committed by an adult† (Office). The Justice Department also says, â€Å"A personRead MoreJuvenile Crime Law Is A Subcategory Of Juvenile Law937 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Crime Law is a subcategory of Juvenile Law. Although a type of criminal law, juvenile crime law only deals with under-age individuals, who are treated very differently than adults in criminal law, and usually have their own courts of law (Juvenile Criminal Law, n.d.). When it comes to crime, kids usually go through a different process than adults. But they still have to face consequences (Juvenile Crimes Juvenile Justice - Nolo.com, n.d.). Juvenile Criminal Law is a relevant issue inRead MoreJuvenile Crimes1247 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile crime is a growing problem that endangers virtually every American. Juvenile delinquency is enormously damaging to the health and well-being of the nations families and communities. A juvenile crime can consist of DUI, robbery, rape, minor in possession, weapon in possession anything an adult can be charged with. Individuals under the age of eighteen who commit these crimes can be charged as a juvenile delinquent. Statistics show that most juveniles that commit crimes are in a gang; weatherRead MoreJuvenile Justice System1739 Words   |  7 PagesThe juvenile justice system is a foundation in society that is granted certain powers and responsibilities. It faces several different tasks, among the most important is maintaining order and preserving constitutional rights. When a juvenile is arrested and charged with committing a crime there are many different factors that will come in to play during the course of his arrest, trial, conviction, sentencing, and rehabilitation process. This paper examines the Juvenile Justice System’s court processRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency in the United States1585 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Crime Statistics Wendy R Swartz Keiser University Abstract: In this document, the topic of juvenile delinquency in the United States is thoroughly examined. Approximately 1.5 million minors (those are citizens who are under the age of 18) are arrested for criminal activity each year in the US. These juveniles are arrested for a variety of crimes; everything from petty vandalism and loitering to prostitution, drug dealing, and even murder. Of these, 70% of offenders will be tried and

Key Features of Sunliner Monte Carlo

Question: Discuss about the Key Features of Sunliner Monte Carlo. Answer: Introduction This study has highlighted the key features of Sunliner Monte Carlo campervan RV in Melbourne, Australia. The research will demonstrate the organizational performanceof Sunlinerand will also describe how it will influence the consumers satisfaction level.In addition, this study is also benefitted to describe the issues faced by this organization, as it is necessary to identify the organizational performance. This study will also highlight the aims and objectives of this study. In addition, the research questions and rationale will also be described in this context. Background of the study The Monte Carlo is a luxury motor home. In the words of Mackey and Gass (2015), it can be stated that Sunliner Monte Carlo is the flagship of Sunliner range of RV. In the other hand, it can be mentioned that Monte Carlo has the largest luxury in an RV industry. The researchwill be helpful to the researcher to identify the performance of the organization. Sunliner has been offering a wide range of choices, who are willing road trip with full of fun (Taylor, Bogdanand DeVault2015). Research aim and objectives The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the performance of Sunliner group on theconsumers of Melbourne, Australia. The objectives of the research can be discussed as: To critically estimate the key features of the Sunliner Monte Carlo campervan RV, which influence the organizational performance To critically estimate the key features of Sunliner Monte Carlo, which influence the consumers of Melbourne To investigate the key features, which are related to the Sunliner Monte Carlocampervan with the consumers in Melbourne Research questions What are the key features of Sunliner Monte Carlo campervan, which influence the performance of the organization? What are the key features of Sunliner Monte Carlo campervan, which influence the satisfaction level of the consumers of Melbourne? What are the key features, which related the Sunliner Monte Carlo campervan with the people of Melbourne? Rationale of the study The study will highlight the issues faced by this group in their business. In this context, Flick (2015) opined that Sunlinerdoes not get license for their business. In addition, it can be added that the cost of purchase of their service is higher, which cannot be affordable by all of the consumers of Melbourne. Research hypothesis Suppose H0 is assumed as the null hypothesis whereas H1 is assumed as the alternative hypothesis. H0: There is a negative impact of the key features of Sunliner Monte Carlo RV on the consumers of Melbourne. H1: There is a positive impact of the key features of Sunliner Monte Carlo RV on the consumers of Melbourne. Introduction In this section of this study, the key features and the performance of Sunliner Monte Carlo is considered as the independent variable whereas the satisfaction level of the consumers is considered as the dependent variable. In order to understand the impact of the service of Sunliner Monte Carlo on the consumers, the researcher will discuss the structure of motor home;types of equipment, social structure, tourism services etc (Silverman 2016). Literature review section will be helpful to gain a greater knowledge of the study. However, the key issues faced by this group will also be described. Service of Sunliner Monte Carlo In order to understand the service of Sunliner group, it is required to discuss the available layouts of Monte Carlo. There are four layouts, which are offered by Monte Carlo. The review is depending upon the Monte Carlo MC3 and it has four slide outs. In addition, two dining area and two bedrooms are available in this motor home. In the opinion of Gastand Ledford (2014), Sunliner Monte Carlo is a luxurious tardis. Moreover, this type of motor home is very spacious, for which the consumers can get enough space for their relaxation. Social structure of the consumers of Melbourne In the words of Panneerselvam (2014), it can be mentioned that Melbourne is the second largest city of Australia. The workforce culture of Melbourne is good, where the organizations give priority to the skilled labor. Two third people of the overall population are employed. The income structure and the standard of living of Melbourne arecomparatively high. In this context, it can be mentioned that Melbourne has higher level of home ownership. They have potential to take the service of Sunlier Monte Carlo group (Tarone, Gassand Cohen 2013). Although the cost of the service of this group is higher, however, the people are willing to take the service of this motor home. The people of Melbourne are highly susceptive towards the spending of cultural events and are willing to spend their holiday trips in this type of motor home. Tourism services of Melbourne Tourism service of Melbourne is an important element of the economy of Australia. According to Bauer (2014), it can be stated thatthe tourism sector of Melbourne has provided 3.0 percent of the entire GDP of Australia.In addition, regional tourism sector provide 73 percent of the direct tourism GDP. On the other hand, apart from the global economic challenges in 2010-2011, tourism growth was supported by the improving consumption. Sunliner Monte Carlo group provides to the consumers a special holiday designing features. The interior of this motor home is designed similar to a home (Billig and Waterman 2014. There is kitchen bench, a bedroom, bathroom, which is attached to the bedroom. This home like structure is highly appreciable to the consumers. During holiday, they usually get the essence and the feelings of home will be obtained. Therefore, the consumers as well as the service takers can spend their holidays with their family members under a homely and soothing atmosphere. Equipments and furniture The furniture of this motor home is timber finished. Lighting during the holiday package is a combination of halogen and fluorescent fittings. On the other hand, it can be observed that all of the windows have standard incorporated blinds and also insect screens. All of the parts are covered with curtain except kitchen. In addition, behind the drivers seat, there is a caf style dinette (Sunliner.com.au. 2017). Interior of Sunliner Monte Carlo The Sunliner Monte Carlo has the largest luxury of all in the RV space. The attraction of this type of motor home is the space, which is created by four sliding walls. On the other hand, it can be observed that Monte Carlo has created separate living room, bedroom and bathroom. Monte Carlo is fully equipped outdoor slide out kitchen. In addition, it can be noticed that the design of the kitchen is camper trailer style. There are to burner cook top, sink along with the cold and hot water along with the small wine bottle fridge. Moreover, the external storages are available in the external kitchen bins (Bauer 2014). This motor car has the capacity to carry 1500 kg load, however, could lead to the temptation to carry higher amount of unnecessary gear. Key features of living inside of Sunliner Monte Carlo Monte Carlo reveals that this motor home has considerable space, which is divided into two such as the front being living room and rear being living. The interior colour of Sunliner Monte Carlo is beige but the overall impact of internal decor is bit retro. In the front area of kitchen bench covers the nearside wall, which is next to the entry door. In the cab area, both seats are swivel. Back in the rear, the drop down bed covers the centre stage along with a TV viewing area underneath. LED lights are used across the Sunliner Monte Carlo and are well placed (Hovorka 2016). All the 12V switches and a radio or CD player is located on the panel, which is above the entry door. Solar panel regulator and generator controls are fitted into the overhead locker. Trend of the people of Melbourne In the words of Hovorka (2016), the people of Melbourne are highly willing to spend their holidays in a unique manner with their family. They are willing to avail luxury life and also want to relax during their holiday. For their adventurous characteristics, the space for the RV industry will be expanded. Moreover, as per the todays trend of Melbourne, it can be noticed that it is getting fascinated with the campervans as well as also with the classy motor homes (Lusheyand Munro 2015). Research methodology Introduction This chapter ofthis research study will describe the process and techniques, which will be explained in this research. In this context, this study will explain the research process, research philosophy, research approach, design of the research, the method of data collection, the sampling technique, size of the sample and the ethical considerations in order to accomplish the study. Research philosophy In order to accomplish the study, the researcher will choose the positivism research philosophy. As per the statement of Karpet al., (2016), it can be mentioned that positivism approach is helpful to make the research a greater structured one. On the other hand, in case of positivism approach, an ideal hypothesis is required to follow with the help of data, which are collected previously. With the help of this techniques, the researcher can perform an in depth investigation in the future. Furthermore, it can be stated that in case of larger size of sample, the positivism approach will be appropriated. Research approach According to Riedl, Davis and Hevner (2014), the research approach is required to develop to complete the research significantly. The researcher will apply the deductive approach. This will be helpful to examine the validity of the mentioned assumptions in this research. The researcher will follow the deductive approach due to the availability of abundance resources. In addition, as the time to accomplish the study is limited, the researcher choosesdeductive approach. Research design The researcher will select the descriptive research design in order to complete the research. In the points of Khan (2014), in order to make in depth analysis, the researcher will follow the descriptive investigation. Different factors and elements are used in order to make the study simpler. In case of descriptive investigation, the researcher will be able to accumulate the knowledge about the topic and this will in turnhelp the researcher to get appropriate information. Moreover, it can be added that the descriptive design will be benefitted to explain the nature of the phenomena of this research. This type of design will be supportive to achieve a detailed manner of this study (Taylor, Bogdanand DeVault2015). On the other hand, sometimes the researcher will like to create own knowledge. Therefore, this is the exploratory investigation. Data collection process There are two types of data collection method such as primary method and secondary method. It is known that in case of primary research, the researcher requires to conduct interview in order to collect the data. On the other hand, in case of secondary method, the researcher will collect the data from any previous sources. Moreover, the researcher will chose both the qualitative and quantitative techniques (Gastand Ledford 2014). The quantitative analysis will be performed by surveying the workers of Monte Carlo of Sunliner RV with the help of online or through official website, whereas the qualitative analysis will be done on the managers of the organization. In order to complete the study, the researcher will conduct primary research. As the topic of this research is highly review oriented, therefore, the researcher will opt for primary research. Therefore, the researcher will choose ten people from the management group of the mentioned company (Tarone, Gassand Cohen 2013). Remainin g ninety people will be the consumers, who are taking the services from the RV industry in Melbourne. Sampling method There are two types of sampling method such as probability and non-probability approach. These two types sampling approaches are applicable in case of primary type data collection process. As opined by Billigand Waterman (2014), it can be mentioned that probability sampling method is benefitted in case of selecting the respondents randomly. On the other hand, in case of non-probabilitymethod, the researcher will select the respondents as per the requirements of the study. In order to accomplish the research, the researcher will select simple random technique and will conduct the survey on hundred random people (Lusheyand Munro 2015). Among these 100 people, ten people are from management of Sunliner organization. Sample size The researcher will focus to accomplish the research in a detailed approach and therefore, the researcher has chosen 10 managers and 90 consumers of Sunliner group. A set of 5 questions will be set, among which 1 question will be based on demography. These questionnaires will be forwarded to the consumers through email (Wiek and Lang 2016). The questions, which will be asked to the consumers, will be close ended. Moreover, a set of 3 questions will be developed to conduct the interview on the managers of the organization. The conversation with the organizational managers will be conducted through the telephone. Ethical consideration The researcher needs to maintain some specific ethical issues during conducting the research. As per the Data Protection Act 1998, it is necessary to maintain the privacy of unpublished information. Moreover, the researcher also requires to take permission before conducting the interview. In case of choosing the consumers, the researcher will not be biased, so that the emotion of the consumers will not hurt.The researcher also requires to consider the former consent from the respondents about the consumers of Sunliner to the managers of the company (Riedl, Davis and Hevner2014). The researcher requires to ensurethe respondents that the accumulated information from them will never be used unethically. Gantt chart provides the work plan of the research. The researcher will work as per the Gantt chart in each of the week (Walter and Andersen 2013). Summary The research methodology section of this research will be used to derive an outcome for the study. In order to accomplish the study, the positivism research philosophy will be followed. In addition, the researcher will follow deductive approach. Moreover, in this study, the descriptive research design will be considered. Both the qualitative and quantitative analysis will be done to complete the primary research survey. On the other hand, the researcher will opt for simple random sampling technique (Vamsi Krishna Jastiand Kodali2014). As a result, the researcher has planned to conduct an interview on 10 managers of the organization. Apart from this, the researcher will choose 90 consumers in order to identify the performance of the company. With the help of regression analysis, the researcher will be able to derive the impact and also can infer the conclusion. Expected outcome As the researcher will follow the both the quantitative and qualitative analysis, the response of the consumers are evaluated in order to identify the impact of the key features of SunlinerMonte Carlo on the people of Melbourne. On the other hand, the feedback can be received from the managers of this type of motor home. In order to derive the conclusion of this research, the researcher will perform regression analysis. This statistical analysis will be performed based on the collected data and literature review. The expected outcome of this research is that the key features of Sunliner Monte Carlo group have a positive impact on the consumers. Therefore, it can be expected that the alternative hypothesis will be accepted and the null hypothesis will be rejected. Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be mentioned that the null hypothesis will be rejected and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted. Therefore, in can be inferred that there is a positive impact of the service of Sunliner Monte Carlo on the consumers of Melbourne. As the standard of living of the people of Melbourne is higher and they are willing to spend their holidays in a luxury way, it can speculate that the consumers will like to take the service of Sunliner Monte Carlo RV. On the other hand, the interior decoration, their furniture all are appreciable and make a positive impact on their performance. As a result, the satisfaction level of the consumers will also increase. References Bauer, G.R., 2014. Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: Challenges and the potential to advance health equity.Social Science Medicine,110, pp.10-17. Billig, S.H. and Waterman, A.S. eds., 2014.Studying service-learning: Innovations in education research methodology. Routledge. Flick, U., 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project.Sage. Gast, D.L. and Ledford, J.R., 2014.Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge. Hovorka, A.J., 2016. Gender resources for urban agriculture research: methodology, directory and annotated bibliography. Karlsson, C. ed., 2016.Research Methods for Operations Management.Routledge. Karp, J.F., Dew, M.A., Wahed, A.S., Fitzgerald, K., Bolon, C.A., Weiner, D.K., Morse, J.Q., Albert, S., Butters, M., Gildengers, A. and Reynolds, C.F., 2016. Challenges and solutions for depression prevention research: methodology for a depression prevention trial for older adults with knee arthritis and emotional distress.The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,24(6), pp.433-443. Khan, J., 2014. Reduction Of Cost Of Quality By Using Robust Design: A Research Methodology. Lushey, C.J. and Munro, E.R., 2015. Participatory peer research methodology: An effective method for obtaining young peoples perspectives on transitions from care to adulthood?.Qualitative Social Work,14(4), pp.522-537. Mackert, M., Champlin, S.E., Holton, A., Muoz, I.I. and Damsio, M.J., 2014.eHealth and health literacy: A research methodology review.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,19(3), pp.516-528. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015.Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt.Ltd.. Riedl, R., Davis, F.D. and Hevner, A.R., 2014. Towards a NeuroIS research methodology: intensifying the discussion on methods, tools, and measurement.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,15(10), p.I. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research.Sage. Sunliner.com.au. (2017).MONTE CARLO Sunliner Monte Carlo the best luxury motor home in Australia - Sunliner RV. Available at: https://www.sunliner.com.au/our-range/motorhomes/monte-carlo [Accessed 28 Jan. 2017]. Tarone, E.E., Gass, S.M. and Cohen, A.D., 2013.Research methodology in second-language acquisition.Routledge. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Vamsi Krishna Jasti, N. and Kodali, R., 2014. A literature review of empirical research methodology in lean manufacturing.International Journal of Operations Production Management,34(8), pp.1080-1122. Walter, M. and Andersen, C., 2013.Indigenous statistics: A quantitative research methodology. Left Coast Press. Wiek, A. and Lang, D.J., 2016. Transformational sustainability research methodology.InSustainability Science(pp. 31-41).Springer Netherlands.

TJ Nethery Essays (609 words) - , Term Papers

TJ Nethery American Political Thought 3/3/17 Henry Clay Leader of the Whig party and five times and unsuccessful presidential candidate, Henry Clay played a central role on the stage of national politics for over 40 years. He was the secretary of state under John Quincy Adams, Speaker of the House of Representatives longer than anyone else in the nineteenth century, and the most influential member of the Senate during its golden age. Known as the "Great Compromiser" Henry Clay shoed his political power and knowledge by playing a crucial role in brokering a two-part solution known as the Missouri Compromise. First, Missouri would be admitted to the union as a slave state, but would be balanced by the admission of Maine, a free state, that had long wanted to be separated from Massachusetts. Second, slavery was to be excluded from all new states in the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern boundary of Missouri. People on both sides of the controversy saw the compromise as deeply flawed. Nevertheless, it lasted for over thirty y ears until the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 determined that new states north of the boundary deserved to be able to exercise their sovereignty in favor of slavery if they so choose. But in this reading I will be discussing the American System and the speech that was given to help proctor and broker this ideology. The American System was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agric ulture". Congressman Henry Clay was the plan's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the "American System". The main points of this speech and the main parts of Clay's thinking were set in three main Categories: An establishment of a protective tariff, the idea of having the first national bank, and the improvement of the country's infrastructure. The protective tariff would be a 20% to 25% tax on imported goods, this tax would protect a nations business from any foreign competition. Congress passed a tariff in 1816 which made European goods more expensive and encouraged consumers to by cheaper American- made goods. The establishment of a national bank would promote a s ingle currency, making trade easier, and issue what was called the sovereign credit or credit issued by the national government rather than borrowed from the private banking system. In 1816 Congress created the second bank of the United States. The improvement of the country's infrastructure, especially transportation systems, made trade easier and faster for everyone. The poor roads that were used were costly and made trading slow. Henry Clay's "American System," devised in the burst of nationalism that followed the War of 1812, remains one of the most historically significant examples of a government- sponsored program to harmonize and balance the nation's agriculture, commerce, and industry. This "System" consisted of three mutually re - enforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture. Funds for these subsidies would be obtained from tariffs and sales of public lands. Clay argued that a vigorously maintained system of sectional economic interdependence would eliminate the chance of renewed subservience to the free-trade, laissez-faire "British System." United States Senate website

Crm in Fast Food Industry Essay Example

Crm in Fast Food Industry Essay Example Crm in Fast Food Industry Essay Crm in Fast Food Industry Essay Institute of Management, Nirma University, Ahmedabad SERVICE MARKETING Project Proposal on â€Å"Customer Relation Management Practices in the Indian Fast Food Industry† Submitted To: Prof. Ashwini Awasthi Submitted by: Meghna Mavani (091227) 1 Project Title: Customer relation management practices in the Indian Fast-Food Industry. Introduction to the topic: Relationship marketing is emerging as the core marketing activity for businesses operating in fiercely competitive environments. On average, businesses spend six times more to acquire customers than they do to keep them. Therefore, many firms are now paying more attention to their relationships with existing customers to retain them and increase their share of customer? s purchases. Customer Relationship Management is a process or methodology used to learn more about customers needs and behaviors in order to develop stronger relationships with them. CRM is a broadly recognized, widely-implemented strategy for managing a company? s interactions with customers, clients and sales prospects. It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize business processes. The overall goals are to find, attract, and win new clients, nurture and retain those the company already has, entice former clients back into the fold, and reduce the costs of marketing and client service. Customer relationship management describes a company-wide business strategy including customer-interface departments as well as other departments. CRM or customer relationship management is a system of processes which businesses use to rganize and streamline customer service, give sales staff the customer information they need to achieve higher closure rate, optimize marketing and sales efforts, and help to increase the customer base and revenues. Rationale of the project: ? Customer Relationship Management is a process or methodology used to learn more about customers needs and behaviors in order to develop stronger relationships with them. CRM is a broadly recognized, widely-implemented strat egy for managing a company? s interactions with customers, clients and sales prospects. Hence a detailed 2 understanding of the various trends of CRM being followed currently would be of great importance to the going-to-be-managers. After all, good customer relationships are at the heart of business success. ? CRM involves all the functions of an organization. The idea of CRM is that it helps businesses use technology and human resources to gain insight into the behavior of customers and the value of those customers. Hence a detailed study of such a widespread initiative carried out by several global organizations would create a deep managerial insight. Moreover the entire reason for taking up the Indian Fast-Food Industry as my project topic is that with the rapidly growing middle class population and changing lifestyle, India is blessed with one of the fastest growing fast food markets in the world. The Indian fast food market is growing at an annual rate of 25-30%. Almost all the world? s big fast food brands have succeeded in making their presence felt in the countr y and most of them are posting appreciable growth. ? Also, all the popular fast food chains have chalked out massive plans for expanding their business and presence throughout the country. Foreign fast food chains are aggressively increasing their presence in the country. ? Another important reason that makes this industry worth studying is that, though this industry has witnessed a robust growth, there is still a huge underpenetrated market in the tier-II and III cities as mostly these fast-food chains are concentrating on the metro cities in India. 3 Literature Review: The innovation decision process model of Rogers (1995) was adopted in this study because CRM is considered an innovative management strategy. Rogers defines innovation as â€Å"ideas, action programs, or objects appealing as new things to individuals or organizations. † The innovation decision process has five stages: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. In the knowledge stage, companies recognize an innovation and its functions. In the persuasion stage, the firm needs to be convinced that an innovation will bring benefits and competitive advantages, so it begins searching for information about the innovation, such as its costs and benefits. Organizational characteristics, such as the size of the firm and its external business environment, are influential. The decision stage occurs when the firm decides to adopt, reject, or postpone the innovation. In the implementation stage, the firm puts the innovation to use to achieve its objectives. In the confirmation stage, the firm decides whether to continue or discontinue adoption of the innovation. Recently, consumers needs and purchase patterns have changed dramatically. To meet various needs, companies tend to adopt differentiated and customer-oriented marketing strategies to gain competitive advantage. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is one specific example, adopted to create and manage relationships with customers more effectively through the detailed and accurate analysis of consumer data using various information technologies. Improved relationships with consumers can lead to greater customer loyalty, retention, and profitability. Although the importance of CRM as a successful strategic approach since the 1990s has been widely recognized, there is no consistent definition of it. According to Swift (2001), CRM is â€Å"an enterprise approach to understanding and influencing customer behavior through meaningful communications in order to improve customer acquisition, customer retention, customer loyalty, and customer profitability. † Kincaid (2003) defines CRM as â€Å"the strategic use of information, processes, technology, and people to manage the customers relationship with the company across the whole customer life cycle. According to Ko et al. (2004), CRM is also defined as the integrated customer management strategy of a firm to efficiently manage customers by providing customized goods and services and maximizing customers lifetime values. 4 The challenge for an organization as also highlighted by Peppard (2000) is to move to a situation where the customer starts buying from you rather than being sold to. This new mantra focuses entirely on the customer, and how to provide customer value in the form of tailoring services or products to meet their requirements. Researchers have identified a variety of technologies related to CRM which include: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? product development through customer DB analysis product development through customer involvement development of customized products customer mileage reward programs real-time customer services managing customer loyalty managing customer complaints developing member-only access to website customer database development customer categorization based on spending The main conclusions to be drawn from the existing literatures are: ? xisting research has a strong focus on the three particular areas of: effects of customer satisfaction of CRM, customer retention and profit management, and effects of CRM technique on performance; ? ? ? ? there remains debate on whether or not relationship marketing can be extended to consumer markets with firms having a relationship orientation then implementing CRM; conceptually, sequential effects from CRM implementation to enhanced financial performance are expected, but have not been explored; the research stream in Japan has focused on techniques of data analysis and data mining aspects of CRM Most systems and processes in this information technology (IT) driven era have some form of hitech interface in transforming inputs to outputs. The restaurant industry is no different, in that IT has played some role in changing a customer? s dining experience over the years- the way in 5 which the meal is prepared, the speed at which it is delivered, the way an order is received, just to name a few. With the advent of new technology and its impact on restaurant operations, one would believe that most firms in the restaurant industry would be IT oriented in the production and delivery of goods and services. Specifically, the study addresses three questions: (1) How do full-service restaurant operators generally view the impact of IT? (2) Is there a difference between full-service chain and independent restaurant firms in the adoption, utilization, and implementation of such technology? (3) What are the reasons some chain and/or independent restaurant firms choose not to invest in IT, while others do and what are the implications? The paper first explores why technology matters and the IT-related trends in the restaurant industry followed by a description of the case study approach and the methodology used in this study. Findings from the restaurants used in the case study ensue, followed by propositions, implications and recommendations while ending with limitations and conclusions. Before exploring each topic, it is essential to state that technology in this paper is referred to as IT, which is defined as „„the development, installation, and implementation of computer systems and applications ? Customer feed-back mechanisms. Industry trends indicate that specific areas being targeted by some restaurants firms include aggressive solicitation of feedback from customers regarding perception of restaurant performance. To some extent, „„comment cards and „„mystery shoppers are being slowly replaced by customer tracking tools which measure the needs of all customers (Hayes, 2002). Such a process includes analysis of online surveys completed by restaurant customers (Liddle, 2001). ? Management of repeat business. Another area targeted by restaurants for innovation through IT is the attempt to increase repeat business. One such area is the use of online reservation systems (Ruggless, 2003). 6 ? Management of marketing and service. Closely connected to frequent diner programs are advances in IT that allow restaurants to gather and store specific information about its customers, which comes mostly from comment cards/online surveys and POS data (Prewitt, 1997). By knowing customers? likes and dislikes and their consumption patterns, firms are able to position their product/service offerings more effectively while being able to offer them special deals. Another area that restaurants look at when trying to improve performance is the speed of service. Restaurant firms, both chains and independents, have started to use handheld devices that allow servers to remotely notify management of a dirty table, so that it can be cleaned and re-set faster for another set of patrons as well as place orders in the kitchen. ? IT and restaurant operations management. The use of technology to improve performance can be seen in use of integrated business solution software to help run restaurants operations. A process refers to a collection of tasks or activities that together result in a desired business outcome. Stated differently, a business process refers to a group of activities that convert organizational inputs (e. g. , human resources) into desired outputs (e. g. , successful new products). Given that groups of tasks can be subdivided or aggregated into lower and higher level processes, the specific nature (i. e. , inputs and outputs) of a business process depends on the level of aggregation used to define it. For instance, define CRM as a macrolevel (i. e. , highly aggregated) process that subsumes numerous subprocesses, such as prospect identification and customer knowledge creation.

Investigating Motivation in International Students for getting Admission in the UK The WritePass Journal

Investigating Motivation in International Students for getting Admission in the UK Chapter 1 Investigating Motivation in International Students for getting Admission in the UK Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONSubstantive Focus and Central QuestionBackground and rationaleAimsSummary of key research questionsOutline of the dissertation  Chapter 2Review of LiteratureIntroductionReview SummaryChapter 3Research DesignIntroductionKey research questionsResearch methods and methodology reviewResearch TechniquesDescription of population and sampleData analysisEthical IssuesTriangulation SummaryChapter 4Presentation of FindingsIntroductionResults Analysis Analysis Related Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Substantive Focus and Central Question My research aim was to explore what motivates international students in getting admission to higher education institutions in theUK. Many students try every year to get admission in universities and colleges in theUK. However, not all are successful. My central question is: What motivates international students to seek admission in theUK? Background and rationale The focus of my research was to highlight the factors/reasons regarding the students from other countries preferring to seek admission in institutions especially in theUKwhilst there were many well known and well-recognised universities in other countries. There could be many reasons behind this extreme step of leaving family for studies. One reason might be that English is an international language spoken in theUKand is common in most of the parts of the world. We know, in most of the parts of the world, degrees in theUKare well recognized. Students might think that they could boost the chances of success in later life. With the recognition of degree and chances of success, students must be attracted to the multi-cultural society of theUK. People from different countries live together, respect each other’s traditions and customs. In this multicultural society, foreign students think that they can adapt more easily. There is another possibility that may attract international s tudents is that the family or any member of family who is already settled inUK. Being an international student, I can visualize the position of a newcomer who feels himself or herself as an alien. In this situation, this could be valid reason that a person would prefer a country where his or her any family member is living rather than those countries, which are totally strange and new. Sometimes a person gets inspiration from his or her teacher, national hero, or parents who studied in theUK. For future, this type of research could be helpful to understand the behavior of students coming from different context and countries. These are some reason to give some idea about the background rationale of my study. Aims To explore why international students seek admission in universities and colleges in theUKat higher education level? Summary of key research questions The key area of my study can be divided into three main categories. I am going to explain them under the bullet points: What motivates students to study in theUK? as it is showing that it is related to explore the factors that motivate international students to seek admission in theUK. Why they prefer theUK? Even there are many other countries other than theUKthat are offering well recognized degrees. What is international students’ experience while studying in theUK? For depicting broader vision, I discovered international students’ social experience, their pre-arrival expectations by categorizing them fulfilled and unfulfilled. What differences do international students see in teaching and learning in theUKcompared with their home context? This was last area of my key focus that was related to the contextual comparison of teaching learning process with theUK. This area of my research identified the comprehensive and solid reasons that why international student seek admission in theUK. They were asked to compare teaching learning process in theUKwith their home countries. It helped to find out the motives more logically and reasonably. These areas were based on the key research question of the research. Outline of the dissertation   This dissertation has been divided into six chapters. The first chapter contains the introduction of the research that elaborates the substantive focus of the research. It showed the link between the key research questions and rationale of the research. Chapter 2 is related to the critical review of the related literature. Growing body of the literature has the strong link with the central focus of my research. Chapter 3 presented the research methods and research methodology that researcher used in accordance with the title of the research. In this chapter, a methodology review has also given to express why a particular research tools and research methods has been used and how researcher used them for data collection. To sustain the validity and reliability of the research, the researcher adopted multiple data collection tools. In qualitative paradigm, the researcher arranged semi-structured interviews and semi-structured questionnaire. Moreover, to analyse the data, content analysi s approach has been used. This chapter has also commented on the ethical consideration defined by British Educational Research Association (BERA 2004, online). Researcher tried to demonstrate complete honesty and loyalty to those people who participated in the research. By giving respect to the privacy and confidentiality, researcher fulfilled the requirement of the objectivity of the research. In chapter 4 the researcher presented the findings in tabular format and analysed the findings by adopting content analysis approach. While analyzing and collected data, the researcher tried to maintain the direction of the dissertation towards the central focus of the study. Analysed finding also demonstrated the link back to the critical review of the related literature. Chapter 5 contains the discussion of the findings of the study that has findings met the demands of central focus of the research and key questions. Chapter 6 kept the conclusion, recommendations and implications of the res earch. While discussing the major conclusions of the research, researcher tried to demonstrate a comprehensive but brief review and link between substantive focus of the study, review of the related literature, findings and results. Implications dealt with the suggestion for future research. And recommendations were given for other researchers that have been evident from this study. Chapter 2 Review of Literature Introduction In this chapter, a growing body of literature will be reviewed in light of various perceptions about motivation. Moreover, the comprehensive discussion on numerous well-known motivational theories will help out to understand the central focus of study. In addition, it will facilitate to increase understanding the regarding multi dimensional concept of motivation and its models presented by different educationists and psychologists. Review Generally, motivation is defined as goal-oriented behaviour. There are number of theories connected with motivation. In the light of academic readings, it has been proven that need or deficiency is very forceful motive that stimulate an individual to perform particular task. Maslow’s Theory of Growth motivation is the most influential theory of motivation. It emphasized on the need as a motive. As Biehler (1974, p.411) says that Maslow’s theory is based on â€Å"need gratification† that is essential for every type of development. Maslow defines his theory of growth motivation as a gradual or eventual achievement. He arranges needs like this 1. Physiological, 2. Safety, 3. Love and belongingness and 4. Esteem. He starts from the lower level of needs when satisfied, person feels motivation to satisfy higher level of needs and at the end a new state of motivation starts from the self-actualization. This is the final phase of motivation. In this phase person feels po wer to be efficient in a joy able way. It is a travel from extrinsic motivation to intrinsic motivation. Biehler (1974, p. 412) states that Maslow categorizes needs into deficiency needs and growth needs. The difference between them two is, first one gives relief and second one gives pleasure. A person wants to get rid of deficiency need (for example hunger) and after having food, will feel relief and will not feel to have more food. But gratification of growth needs produce more thirst and eagerness for growth needs because it gives pleasure and joy. The sample international students could have felt the need to upgrade the social life or the need of well recognized degree or the need to satisfy passion for studying abroad or need to avail good career prospects. These needs are very forceful that could be the possible the motive for the sample international students to seek admission in theUK. Sapru (2008, p. 222) defines Frederick herzberg’s theory of motivation. It is called Dual factor theory of motivation that has similarities with the Maslow’s theory of motivation.   Herzberg gave few more titles to this theory such as motivation-Hygiene theory or satisfier-dissatisfier or two-factor theory. Herzberg describes motivators as factors that increase motivation to achieve goals and satisfy the needs. These factors are quite similar to intrinsic motives for example advancement and recognition. As I have discussed earlier that the sample international student may get motivated by the need to up-grad their professional and personal life. On the other hand hygiene factors make the person dissatisfied and create hurdle to show full potential. In case of discouragement in the international students by any external factor, it will be the dissatisfier of Herzberg’s theory of Motivation. It could be ineffective teaching method or improper library facilities o r lack of guidance regarding on going assessment. Griffinat el. (2010, p. 88,89) explains ERG theory. It is developed by Clayton Alderfer. ERG theory is also inspired by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. ERG stands for: E: existence needs (necessary for survival food, safety etc) R: relatedness needs (love and belongingness) G: growth needs (self-esteem and self actualization) To uphold the grip on the central focus of the research, the support and base of concrete academic referencing is essential. This theory is making strengthen the previous need theories. Fulfillment of the above given needs accelerates the pace of achieving the learning targets. We can assume that if the need of the sample international students that force them to seek admission in theUKis fulfilled then it would definitely accelerate their performance and creativity in terms of academic and social life. Borkowski (2011, p. 219,120) explains McClelland’ motivational theory under three major types. n-Ach: this type of needs motivate the person to achieve targets. It refines and polishes person’s performance and success level n-Pow: need of power is related to the desire to control others. This can be positive or negative. n-Aff: need of affiliation and belongingness enhance the interpersonal skills and develop desired social behaviors. McClelland believes that the combination of these needs motivates most of the people. This theory of motivation articulate the Maslow’s theory of needs, Frederick Herzberg’s theory of motivation and ERG theory of motivation in different words. Koontz at el (2007, p. 293) defines that psychologist Victor H. Vroom presented â€Å"The Expectancy Theory of Motivation†. This theory is based on the idea of giving worth to goals. Now I transplant this theory in the education system, if the students understand the importance and worth of output and goals, they will do due effort for the desired target until it is achieved. According to vroom, valence and expectancy multiply the energy to attain the goal. Stronger worth of goal adds more efforts, passion and enthusiasm to achieve the outcomes. In teaching-learning environment, a student do hard work to get desired result by getting motivation from the teacher (valence) and then expect good grades (expectancy) vroom divided his theory into four stages: Outcome: overall goal Valence: attractiveness, particular outcome Instrumentality: perceived relationship between two levels of outcomes Expectancy:   belief or probability that individual will achieve expected goals In perspective of the focus of the research, this theory of motivation generates some points that could be related to the findings of the study. Generally, all of the international students pay more than double tuition fee from the home students. They assumed all the risk whether it is financial or emotional (leaving family and social life of their home countries). They are supposed to give maximum out put because all of them must be well aware of their objective to seek admission in theUK. On later stage, they may expect in the response of the input for example, the sample students may expect the teaching staff should be more cooperative than they are and they could find the difference in teaching resource in comparison of their home countries. The last stage of the theory can not be explored because we have to wait until the sample students finish their degrees. Then they will be able to tell, whether they achieve their targets or not. Locke’s goal setting theory (1968) of motivation is quite resembled with Vroom’s theory. Mukherjee (2009, p. 154) explains that conscious goals and intentions influence on the human behavior. Human behaviour is like a mirror that reflects his intentional goals. For example, some students come to college just to enjoy with the friends. This is their intentional goals and their behavior tells clearly about their intentions. Some students come to college to achieve their academic targets, this type of the students spend their time in the library or in the classroom or with the teacher. It shows their intentional targets. One reservation may be possible while studying human behavior, when students set un-realistic and unachievable targets. It creates frustration and anxiety in the students because even many efforts they are failed to achieve. So Teacher should keep the eye on the students if feel anything not normal, through counseling, help the student to identify achievab le goal. As in the start of this theory, it is mentioned that this is similar to Vroom’s theory of motivation. Therefore, we can relate it with the discussion that demonstrated the possible relation between key area of the study and the theory. The international students’ possible motive could be their passion for studying abroad or they could have strong desire to get admission in theUKfor the recognition of the degree etc. Therefore we can say that getting admission in theUKshows the international students’ intention as I have discussed it before. After discussing major theories of motivation, I would like to give some critically reviewed literature about the main types of motivation and general perception of different educationists and psychologist about motivation. Moreover, in the light of behaviourist management practices regarding teaching methods and assessment system would also be elaborated. If we have look at the academic readings, there are two major types of motivation identified. That is intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Both are totally opposite from each other and have their own characteristics. Now I am going to explain the concept and meaning of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Tileston (2004, p.3) explains intrinsic motivation as something comes from inside to stimulate someone to do a specific task. On the completion of task, if the person feels joy and happiness, it is due to intrinsic motivation. The objective of intrinsic motivation is ‘self-accomplishment’. Thomas (2002, p. 246) cited Bruner to explain extrinsic motivation   that punishments and reward can develop particular pattern and disciplines in the students but could destroy the creativity of students badly. Whereas, intrinsic motivation makes them creative and gives internal pleasure on the successful completion of the task. This could be a person’s opinion but sometimes extrinsic motivation plays a very vital role regarding the person’s success. An academic reading makes this point more strengthened. Thomas (2002, p. 248) defined the extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is always conducive to achieve targets but extrinsic motivation could be ve ry conducive to motivate someone because some people motivate extrinsically and some motivate intrinsically. In perspective of my research, international students demonstrates their creativity even they get motivated extrinsically for example they get admission abroad to upgrade their living and to enhance the career prospects. Generally we don’t work without salary so we demonstrate our innovative performance on extrinsic rewards (salary, promotion, bonuses, medals etc.). So to enhance person’s performance, both extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation contribute and remain impact on person’s personality. Now some detail will be given to develop the understanding the financial factors that motivates international sample students to seek admission in theUK. For this purpose, a chart will be given having the figure about Gross National Income (GNI) per capita and PPP (Purchasing power parity) per year in international Dollars. And we will be able to compare theUK’s citizen’s year’s salary to the citizens of other sample countries. Moreover, on the bases of economy, we can classify any country as developed or developing, I figured out ranking because the financial condition counts. Our basic survival needs cannot be gratified without money. Therefore, to understand the motives of international students, it is very necessary to know the economical condition of different sample countries. According to an online resource, the list of different countries on the bases of Gross National Income (GNI) per capita and PPP (Purchasing power parity) per year in international Dollars distinguishes the developing and developed countries. The detail of those countries is given under, from where my target population is belonging. Rank  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Country  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Country code  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   GNI per capita PPP 139   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pakistan  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PAK  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2,570 103  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   china  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CHN  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5,370 137  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  India  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IND  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2,740 30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spain  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ESP  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   30,110 65  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Libya  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   LBY  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   11,500 153  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nigeria  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   NGA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1,770 27  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  France  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FRA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   33,470 168  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tanzania  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TZA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1,200 Compared with United Kingdom 22  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  United Kingdom  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   GBR  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   34,370 (nationsonline, online) Pakistan,China,India,Tanzania,NigeriaandLibyaare the developing countries. After having look on the above given chart and reference from different academic readings regarding extrinsic motivation, it is possible that students from developing countries may get motivated by external factors. A person comes from the poverty, is normally motivated by external factors. As Tileston (2004, p. 6) says that students who come from poverty, most of the time, are headed toward extrinsic rewards for achieving positive and productive targets and tasks that they do or they want to do. If we have a look on the key areas of the study, it is cleared that the purpose of this study is to explore the sample international students’ personal experiences regarding social and academic life.   The above given chart is showing that theUK’s financial condition is strong compared with all sample countries. Moreover, with the factor of finance, in light of the background and rationale of the study , English spoken society could be the motive that forces the sample international students to seek admission in theUK. About extrinsic motivation, Tileston (2004, p.3) comments that it is something driven from outer surface for example a sticker, a candy, a hug or pat etc. If a student has grown up in that sort of environment that is based on tangible rewards then they cannot be able to feel motivation intrinsically very often. However, this pattern can be broken with the help of class teacher. The constant and steady attempts and persistence of a teacher can bring student from the extrinsic motivation towards the intrinsic motivation. to achieve this target, teacher can change his/her teaching approach and by starting to skip the tangible rewards gradually, a stage will come when student will feel joy and happiness in learning new things and do the assignments for inner satisfaction. In the perspective of this study, an international student could be motivated by the family member who has already settled in theUKbut it may be possible that on later stage, the student starts to feel joy and internal happiness after completion of the degree. It has been acknowledged academically that theUKis using modern teaching techniques that transform the holistic personality of the students in the positive side. Furthermore, Tileston (2004), p.5) tries to develop in-depth, understanding about extrinsic motivation, for that we need to comprehend the difference between ‘reward’ and ‘celebration’. In the author’s viewpoint, if a teacher says, I will give you a candy on successful completion of the task or if you finish your assignment on time, you can watch television for one hour extra. In this situation, students will complete the task for expected reward not for learning or something like that. In another situation, the teacher gives candy or any tangible reward on successful completion of task. That reward is unexpected. Because students do not know about the reward that they get after finishing assignment, this is celebration. Teacher can develop intrinsic motivation by using celebration rather than rewards. As I have discussed about the sample of international students that they could move from extrinsic motivation to intrinsic motivation through creative teaching strategies and reflective practice. Before getting admission in theUK, the sample international students would have the idea that what type of the reward they will be given after completion their degrees that is reward and on the other hand after completion of the degree they might get the unexpected rewards in form of profession maturity or promotion etc. it is celebration. Therefore, most probably the sample international students may move from rewards to celebrations. After having idea about the motivation and its major types, and few famous theories of motivation, the multidimensional aspects of motivation with its complexity and density would be explained with the reference of academic readings. I would try to relate the key areas of the research with the different concepts of motivation which will be emerged in the different definitions of the motivation. Mackay (2007, p. 19) defines motivation as something conflicting and complex to understand. Because on one hand, it is demonstrating that motivation can be something or someone because sometimes a person persuade someone else to perform in a certain way. At the same time a person can use something to force a person to act in a particular way. Therefore, if we go with this definition, we have to believe that motive can be a person or thing. Moreover, Mackay (2007, p.194) shows another aspect of motivation. According to him, motivation is always intentional and under control of the person. To develop the link of this definition to the major focus of the research, I would try to be more critical. The purpose of the study is to explore motives that force the sample international students to get admission in theUK. The sample international students are studying at the higher level and logically, they must have sense to make decisions. Therefore it is possible that they have chosen theUKby choice. In a classroom context, behavior of the students towards attentiveness, attendance, participation in the classroom activities, and cooperation and coordination with peers and teachers, everything is influenced by motivation. They intentionally try to keep and follow the discipline. Wiseman at el. (2008, p.43) says that motivation can be defined as an internal state that forces the students to achieve specific targets by focusing on a desired direction. This internal force arouses students’ persistence and enthusiasm towards the goals. In terms of internal force or self energy to perform duties, sometimes a person feels strong stimulation towards particular target. This force is motivation that needs appropriate guideline and mentoring about desired and required direction. Blairs at el. (1952, p.166) say that every human has force/energy to cope up with rigidity and softness of the life. In teaching and learning perspective, if these forces focused onto right the direction and under control, it generates highly intelligent and learning behaviour that is essential to attain and accomplish the targets. And by developing motivation, this force can be under controlled and determined towards the target. Then the learning out comes can be multiplied. In all thi s process, role of teacher is very important and influential. Teachers can enhance the human energies and enthusiasm to enlighten and strengthen the teaching and learning process by motivating students. A similar point is made by Piaget,Furth cited Piaget (1970, p. 73) that motivation supplies energy to achieve targets. Another dimension discovered by Beard (1980, p.3), where he cited Bruner (1966) about motivation. He thinks motivation comes from inside of the person that generates its sources and rewards â€Å"in its own exercise†. The task it self is reward for the person. He does not need to be motivated externally. The phase of intrinsic motivation could be started from the extrinsic motivation but experiences or the teacher takes the person to the higher stage of motivation that Beard (1980, p.3) is trying to elaborate. Moreover, Beard (1980, p.20) points out the factors that make students successful at higher education level. In light of recent researches, he explored few motives such as method of instruction, expectation of courses and teacher. At a higher level of education, most of the time, students get motivated by courses and teachers. In the perspective of the teachers’ role, Beard says (1980, p.54, 55) that teaching methods motivate students and â€Å"no teaching method is effective and ineffective†. All teaching method can be used well and poorly at the same time. Beard (1980, p. 57) furthermore explains that the experience in the classroom in which learning takes place, at any time motivation can be enhanced and the consequential learning can be reached at its maximum. Later on, I will discuss the contextual comparison about the teaching methods that have been adopted in the sample countries and in theUK. At higher level of education, it is more than possible that the sample international students got motivated by the modern teaching techniques adopted in the classrooms of theUK. Therefore, the teaching method can be the powerful motive that fascinated international students to seek admission in theUK. Moreover, by defining the strength of motivation, Beard (1980, p.20) says that the number of investigations has shown that success and intelligence are not correlated.   â€Å"Highly selected population of British sixth forms and colleges students who do well are usually no more intelligent on average than those who do poorly.† The distinction between these two different type of the group of the students, is motivation. Motivation is that powerful phenomenon that can make poor, an average and an average can perform as above average. In absence of motivation, situation could be reversed. Another dimension is explored by Amesat el. (1984, p.81). They elaborate motivation as â€Å"self perception of competency†. In context of classroom, self-perception becomes the central demonstration to achieve the targets for example if students think they are good and they can achieve then they will whereas if they think negative about their potentials they will never achieve. Author calls it â€Å"self-worth-motive.† In the perspective of major focus of the study, it is possible that the sample international students got confidence on their internal force. This could be the possible motive. Another author explains similar aspect of motivation but in different words. Gilbert (2002, p.165) uses word of â€Å"Hope† for motivation. According to him, hope changes human minds and brains. Hope helps to heal the patient up from any physical disease, whereas hopeless person feels himself frustrated, depressed and physically ill.   In professional and learning paradigm, it gives success. So writer emphasized on â€Å"teach optimism†. This definition is making more strengthened the previous definition of the motivation. Motivation can be defined as a deficiency. It persuades a person to fulfill the deficiency. As Mackay (2007, p. 21) states that motivation can be defined as a â€Å"deficiency†. For example, when a person feels hunger, this strong need force him to cook or buy food. Therefore hunger is motive. The findings may show that sample international students had the need of better career prospects and to fulfill this need they decided to leave their home country for studies. The Reinforcement to enhance the performance is essential. In perspective of external motivation, Beard (1980, p.3) says that reinforcement in particular situation increase the level of responding. Therefore, motivation is not possible without reinforcement. He cited Lewis (1952) that† learning feeds on success†. If teachers or parents discourage the students by saying them lazy and dull, in that situation, students would be de-motivated (similar to self-worth-motive or self-perception), does not matter what age of the student is. Lewis believes on extrinsic motivation because action necessitates for success. And motivation is like enjoying in attaining the targets, task and success. Through this study I am trying to develop understanding about the possible motives that compel the international students to get admission in theUK. We can assume that a very influential motive could be modern strategies of classroom management in theUK. And in most of the sample developing countries, behaviourist practices (traditional teaching method, summative assessment and seating arrangement in the rows) are adopted in a forceful way. AsFontana(1984, p.15) says that good social behavior in the classroom generates good learning. To some extend, we can agree with the writer. If a student’s interpersonal skills are high then he can learn from his peers. In context of modern teaching strategy, positive social behavior in the classroom has a fundamental role to play in achieving the targets of cooperative learning. To understand the perspective of behaviourists in context of the central focus of my study., we need to have a look on some contextual comparison of sample countries with theUK. As the research’s focus is to explore the views of international students about the difference in teaching and learning process in theUKcompared their home countries.Pakistan’s teaching learning system, Siddiqui (2010, online) says that in the most of the mainstream schools inPakistan, teachers use behaviorist approach in teaching, because it is easy to use. In passive teaching and learning process, teachers tell and transmit. Students drill or reproduce information without making sense or understanding and get good grades. According to the writer, this approach is not effective to achieve broader goals such as socio-economic development, social justice and individual freedom. Writer draws a very clear portrait of teaching and learning process. In this modern era of education, teachers inPakista nstill stick to use traditional strategies of teaching. Now the question is why do teachers not change their typical teaching pattern. Siddidqui (2009, online) highlights few but very strong reasons. He says that inPakistanteachers are given training but rely on very closed and confined way. Teachers are supposed to consume knowledge and in the name of teacher training and they are given some strategies and technique to use in their teaching practice. But there is no space of teacher’s own reflection/personality and creativity in teaching. This brief comparison rose very thought provoking reason that why teachers inPakistanusing behaviorist approach in teaching unlike theUK. If we have, a look on thePakistan’s teaching and learning pattern, another reason emerged that is the large number of students in the classroom. This is impossible for the teacher to use group-learning techniques. Therefore, we cannot blame the teachers and teacher training courses only for this cu rable hurdle in developing the cooperative teaching-learning in the classrooms ofPakistan. If any teacher who wants to adopt child centered teaching techniques but the large number of the students in the classroom becomes the hurdle in cooperative teaching in the classrooms. According to the some of the above given academic references, it is obvious that at higher level, student may have the motivation and attraction by effective and modern teaching techniques. Moreover, I would give the example of few other developing countries that use traditional teaching methods. In contextual comparison, Harber (2002, p. 50, 51) gives the example ofChina,TanzaniaandNigeriathat adopt old teaching strategies in the classrooms. In teacher dominating classrooms, students sit passively and listen the teacher. Through lecture method, recall of factual knowledge is the basic responsibility of whole teaching and learning process. The schoolwork is limited to the textbooks, notebooks and workbooks. In t he classrooms of these countries teachers are supposed to be the center of the class with all authority. The main reason of adopting traditional teaching strategies is that schools are more concern with the number of students in the classroom and recall of factual knowledge by using lecture method. And this is the ideal and easy tactic to handle large number of students with minimum expenditure. Now I would give some idea about the teaching and learning environment created in theUK’s schools. Loh (2006, online) says that inUK,USA,Australia, andNew Zealand, Schools adopt humanistic approach of teaching and learning. In child-centered classrooms, students work in-group by using cooperative learning techniques. They explore new things and solve the problems with cooperation and pleasure. Teachers are supposed to play the role of assistant, instructor, advisor and counselor with innovative and new teaching techniques. Rehman (2004, p.200) also explains that in the developed count ries like the UK and USA etc use modern teaching techniques with the help of films, video tapes and CCTV. Peer supervision has also got a very important place in those countries. Now I would give a precise comparison of assessment system adopted in the developing countries with theUK. In most of the traditional education system summative assessment is adopted. Dove (1986, p.70) says that most of the teachers are known to assess the students at the end/termination of the term. The purpose of summative assessment is to evaluate that what the students has learnt during the whole term. According to Pollard (2002, p. 283) summative assessment is different from formative assessment. Formative assessment refers to evaluate students for particular time and it is ongoing evaluation. The quality of student’s learning is directly influenced by the formative assessment. But the purpose of summative assessment is to sum up the whole semester at the end of the term. It helps teachers to ev aluate the students’ learning of the whole academic year. It is more concerned with the level of achievement of the student at various points when they quit or while they are in their schooling. Formative assessment gives importance to the students and teachers’ reflection. As Suskie (2009) tells about the importance of reflection that it helps teacher and students to assess attitudes, behaviour and values in qualitative way. Reflection enables students to learn in the best way with comprehensive awareness about what they have learnt so far.   Siddiqui (2011, online) is showing opposite situation of reflection based assessment system. He says that inPakistan, transmission method of teaching, memory based assessment system and unattractive textbooks are the salient features of most of the main stream schools. For fulfilling the dream of development, we need a revolutionary change in the system of education. Moreover, Siddiqui (2011, online) explains the reasons that w hy the education system ofPakistanis traditional. According to him, since the day of independence,Pakistanhas been ruled by the Feudal Lords and authoritarians. Lack of true democracy in politics generates authority and dominance in every field of country even in the field of education. Memory based assessment system and transmission teaching methods are the outcomes of authoritarian governments. The solution of this problem is true democracy in thePakistan. Now, in light of different academic readings, I would comment on the assessment system that is used in the developed countries especially in theUK. OECD (2006, p.135) says that in most of the OECD (organization for economic cooperation and development) (including theUK) teachers emphasis on the formative assessment. In these countries, for teachers, the motto of assessment is â€Å"assess to learn†. Teachers use formative assessment method by reviewing current and modern assessment tools. Formative assessment is the most comprehensive and imperative way to increase student learning in the proper direction. Similar point rose by Scott (2001, p. 43). He says that in the England, Scotland, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and USA formative assessment has become the most integral and popular practice of the teaching. It has been successfully in practice in these countries because it is effective to evaluate the holistic personality of the students. It is most helpful phenomenon for teachers and students to get the appropriate direction towards their targets. Now I would give some critical review about the seating arrangement in the schools ofPakistan. Ahmad (online) has discovered in his research that in the most of the schools of thePakistan, seats are arranged in the rows. And this seating arrangement supports the traditional teaching practice. As siddiqui (2010, online) says that visible features like seating arrangement, classroom condition and comfortable seats play a very critical and important role in the success of teaching method and school both. So this brief contextual comparison can show possible reason that why international students seek admission in theUK. Motivation has been discussed in relation to intrinsic and extrinsic approaches. It is possible that the international students are both extrinsically motivated to gain better position and career prospects and intrinsically motivated to improve their professional practices. Presentation of different approaches of motivation and brief comparison of teaching-learning process of the sample countries with theUKgive a comprehensive picture of possible motives that compel the international students to study in theUK. A review of literature about the differences in teaching methods, assessment system and the visible condition of the classrooms in theUKcompared with their home countries. Summary This chapter has reviewed the literature containing conceptual understanding about motivation and its major types with different motivational models. It is evident in the light of different academic readings that there is no unified or single definition of motivation. It is multifaceted and complex phenomena defined by different educationists and psychologists. Like definition of motivation, there is no single theory on motivation that can explain it with all its depth and aspects. Therefore, multiple definitions and theories of motivation have been reviewed in this chapter. These theories and definitions of motivation would be helpful to understand the multiple motives that force the sample international students to get admission in theUK. Through this reviewed related literature, the researcher tried to present the possible holistic picture of the sample international students’ social and educational experience before and after getting admission in theUK. A growing body of l iterature has demonstrated that a comprehensive contextual comparison of teaching and learning process that could be worthy to understand the sample international students’ perception about the comparison of different teaching and learning aspect(teaching methods, assessment type etc) between the UK and their home countries. By the help of reviewed literature, the main focus of the research would be elaborated and would be easy to understand the motivation in international students regarding getting admission specifically in theUK. Related literature has showed that the financial condition of the sample students’ home countries. Emotional attraction and belongingness or passion for studying abroad and effective teaching strategies and modern assessment system may be the possible motives of sample international students that force them to seek admission in theUK.   This chapter will lead to presentation of findings that has been assembled on the base of the research q uestions. Chapter 3 Research Design Introduction In this chapter, the researcher presents key research questions and then defines the suitable research methods and research techniques to collect data with maximum variation. Key research questions What motivates students to study in theUK? What is their experience while studying in theUK? What differences do international students see in teaching and learning in theUKcompared with their home context? Research methods and methodology review For fulfilling the requirement of triangulation in research and to maintain the reliability and validity of research, I collected the information through quantitative and qualitative research techniques. Mainly my aim was to develop in depth understanding of human behaviour.   And qualitative research method provided me the opportunity to gather and explore the motives in precise way. Ereaut (2007, online) defines qualitative research that it is used to develop in-depth understanding about peoples’ behaviour, attitude, systems, culture, lifestyle, motivation, concern and values. And the aim of my study was to study closely the attitude of defined group of study about particular subject. Similar view was presented by Merriam (2009, p. 1) about qualitative research method, she says that the objective of qualitative method is to develop insightful understanding   about different perceptions and researcher tried to discover the variety of aspects of everyday exercises of people’s lives. It is a systematic, well-organized process of collecting information. This process gives more knowledge about something than before this process we know. Merriam (2009, p. 5) says that q ualitative research makes the researcher able to know the way people elaborate and define their experiences. Through qualitative research, we know how people build up their world and in what way, they learn from their experiences. Marshall at el. (2011, p.1) says that the qualitative research method enables researcher to do discovery and inquiry for social sciences and applied fields such as education, regional planning, social work and community development. Thomas (2003, p. 1) defined qualitative research as a tool which engages researcher to interpret and define characteristics of people’s life. Moreover, qualitative research approach analyses holistically and contextually and permits the researcher to explore and discover new things as my research was supposed to do. Therefore, I adopted qualitative research method and I tried to be more critical and neutral as qualitative research demands for. Stake (2010, p. 11) describes quantitative research as similar to science. Science gives us facts and does not add or remove anything on the bases of perception and quantitative research performs in the same way as science does.   Therefore, scientific research relies on quantitative research such as measurement and statistical analysis. Muijs (2011, p.1) cited Aliaga and Gunderson (2000) to explain quantitative research and they say that quantitative research is something which elaborates and explains phenomena through numerical form. Normally, mathematical methods are used to analyse the numerical data (in particular statistics). Thomas (2003, p. 1) describes that quantitative research is more concerned to be more concentrated and attentive on measurements and amounts such as â€Å"more or less, larger or smaller, often or seldom, similar or different.† Quantitative research gives the conclusions straightforward. And in my study I was needed to explore the reasons and it i s demanded to be more focused and straightforward. Therefore, I would use the blend of qualitative and quantitative research. Research Techniques I collected my data through multiple research techniques to make sure the validity of my research. Questionnaire technique is more likely used in quantitative paradigm.   I had prepared a semi-structured questionnaire. Morse at el. (2002, p. 76) says that semi-structured questionnaire permits the freedom to the participants to explain the asked situation in their own words. My study was supposed to identify and to explore the hidden area or un-described area of my sample population. Therefore, for fulfilling the objective of my research, the most appropriate source of collecting data was using a semi-structured questionnaire. A structured questionnaire might not allow me to be insightful. And structured questionnaire is meant to be inflexible and straightforward. Bechhofer at el. (2000, p. 72) defines a structured questionnaire as a suitable tool for a large-scale survey research. Another tool, I used to gather data was a semi-structured interview. Morse (2002, p.76) tries to show the positive aspect of semi-structured interview. It allowed researcher to adopt conversational tone while interviewing. And it helped researcher to pick the relevant matter up whilst interviewee is talking, telling stories and describing experiences. Mainly my aim was to develop in-depth understanding of human behavior.   And qualitative research method provided me with the opportunity to gather and explore the motives in a precise way. A good semi-structured questionnaire does not confuse participants by asking multiple questions in one question. Each question should deals only one aspect of the topic. Arksey at el. (2007, p. 172) explains the difference between structured and semi structured interviews. They say that a structured interview is based on standardized questionnaire with easy and straightforward questions. Researcher reads out the questions to the interview/respondent. And respondent is supposed to give answer precisely. Whereas semi structured interview is highly favorable if researcher’s aim is to explore in depth information about particular aspect. It contains the questions with ‘how’ and ‘why’. The semi-structured interviews are more flexible compared with structured interview s. For example, if the researcher needs to know straightforward information such as whether students live at home or in residences, through structured questions researcher can easily have the answers of this type of questions. However, if a researcher wants to know whether the students feel ‘at home’ on campus. The answer of this type of questions needs flexibility in the questions. My research demands to explore my sample’s minds. For example while exploring the reasons of getting admission in the UK even they had to leave their home country and family. So I arranged the semi structured interviews to gather information about framework of themes. I set my questions by following the criteria of semi structured interviews. Therefore, semi structured interviews were more appropriate. Cohen at el. (2007, p. 133,146) defines the validity and reliability in the research. According to authors using different data collecting devices called validity in the research. In qu alitative research, some other things are also essential to make the data valid, for example, â€Å"honesty, depth, richness, scope of data achieved the extent of triangulation and objectivity of research†. We call a research reliable when we get similar data from similar respondents by using different data collection tools. The researcher used multiple research technique like questionnaire and semi structured interviews to make the data valid and reliable. Description of population and sample The samples were from international students from different parts of the world. They were studying in different universities and colleges of theUK. Some of them were known and some were unknown to the researcher. One Student from each country (Nigeria,France,Spain,India,Libya, andChina) was selected as a sample. Two students were selected fromPakistanbecause both students belong to the entirely different part of thePakistanand went through the different circumstances inPakistan. And findings showed that these circumstances changed the perception about leaving the home country for studies. Samples were selected from the people I knew. The student fromIndiawas studying in the college rest of all sample students were studying in the different universities of theUK. Data analysis To analyze survey research, I displayed the data in tables. And in context of qualitative research, I adopted content analysis method to analyse the findings. Ethical Issues I considered the ethical boundaries defined by British Educational Research Association (BERA 2004, online). By keeping identity of my sample population confidential and anonymous, I tried to explore the facts regarding my substantive focus. Triangulation Cohen at el. (2007, p.141) explains triangulation as a blend of data collection techniques. When a researcher uses two or more methods to gather data in the study of some aspect of human behavior called triangulation in the research. In my research, I used quantitative and qualitative research techniques to fulfill the requirement of triangulation. Summary This chapter starts from the key questions and then argued the research method and techniques to explore the answer of those questions. The research title shows that qualitative research is more suitable and adaptive for this study because this study is required to develop in depth understanding regarding human behavior towards particular direction. And for fulfilling the requirement of triangulation, data was collected through qualitative and quantitative techniques. Moreover, it reviewed the strengths and weaknesses of different data collection techniques that how they were helpful to collect reliable and valid data. This chapter also discusses the specific data analysis approach. The ethical boundaries defined by BERA has been considered at the front position to make sure the intellectual truthfulness and cohesiveness of the study. Then to make the data valid and reliable, samples were given questionnaire and then interviewed. Chapter 4 Presentation of Findings Introduction This chapter will present the findings collected by two data tools questionnaire and interviews. Both tools were used to gather information from the same samples with same question to make sure the data is valid and reliable. The findings were analyzed by using tabular format. Moreover, a comprehensive discussion about the results in relation to key will be included in this chapter to make the link between results and key questions. Results Table 1:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   General opinion about leaving home for studies Note: refer back to original questionnaire in the appendices B. Sr. No.       statements Names of the Countries Pak Istan Tan zania Pak istan (North ern Ar ea) Chi na Sp ain Fra nce Nig eria India Li bya 1. Recognition Of Degree 1 3    1 1 1 1 1 1 2. Economy of the Country of Prospect Institution 3 1    3 2 4 3 3 3 3. Better prospects after completion of the degree 2 4    4 3 3 2 2 4 4. A relative who is   settled in that country, a person is going for studies 4 2    2 4 2 4 4 2 5. Other reasons       War                   Analysis Table 1 shows that response to the question on students’ general opinion about leaving home country for studies, most of the students said recognition of degree could be the strong reason.   A relative who is already settled in that country, a person is going for studies, this reason comes at second position. The reason on third position was economy of the prospect’s country. Most of the students set the option of better prospects at fourth position. On student gave unique answer that the reason could be war that destroys education system then person has no option left to leave home land for studies. If we have a look on the central focus of the research and key research questions, the above table is showing a strong link with that. General opinion about reason of leaving home country could be recognition of the degree. In later table, the findings have shown that this is actually a strong reason and motive that force international students to leave their home countries for studies. Table 2:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Names of the Countries other than the UK, respondents would consider for further studies    Serial No. Names of the countries Names of the desired countries for studies other than the UK 1 2 3 1. Pakistan (university student) USA Germany Canada 2. Tanzania (university student) Canada Australia USA 3. Pakistan(northern area) (university student) Saudi Arabia Egypt    4. China (university student) Australia Canada USA 5. Spain(university student) Germany USA Canada 6. France(university student) USA Australia Germany 7. Nigeria (university student) USA Norway Canada 8. India (college student) USA Australia Germany 9. Libya (university student) Australia Canada Pakistan    In table 2 Countries in order of favorite USA Canada Australia Germany Pakistan Saudi Arabia Norway 7 6 5 4 1 1 1 Analysis the response to the question on respondents’ choice about the countries for further studies other than theUK, 7 students said that they might selectUSA, 6 respondents chosen Canada, 5 students’ choice wasAustraliaandGermanyis on fourth number by getting 3 votes. WhereasSaudi Arabia,PakistanandNorwaywere at the same level by getting 1 vote. Table 2 clearly shows that respondents’ option was in favor ofUSA,Canada, and Australiarespectively. The purpose of this question was to explore students opionion about their favourite coutries other than theUKfor studies. It was really important to know their opinion about that because I could help us to understand the motives to select theUKfor studies even there are many other countries that are offering well recognized degrees. Table 3:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reasons why respondents selected the UK for further studies    Serial No. Names of the countries 1st 2nd 3rd 1. Pakistan (university student) Better facilities More opportunities Better future 2. Tanzania (university student) Better future Better facilities More opportunities 3. Pakistan(northern area) (university student) Education system has been defected because of war so left the country 4. China (university student) Recognition of degree Multicultural society   Weather 5. Spain(university student) Multicultural society Better education and future 6. France(university student) Friend settled in theUK Good institute Wanted to learn English language 7. Nigeria (university student) Recognition of degree Better career Multicultural society 8.